Stone library / Carbonate, Sulfide & Phosphate / Phosphate MineralsTurquoiseEverything you need to know about turquoise: what it is, where it comes from, how to spot treated stones, and how to wear and care for it.Traditional birthstone: December.Note: One of China's 'Four Great Jades'. 'Persian turquoise' = fine robin's-egg blue. 'Sleeping Beauty' = high-grade uniform blue from Arizona. Iron-stained veins create 'spiderweb' patterns.Illustrative Turquoise image. Appearance alone cannot confirm the exact material, treatment, origin, or value of a specific piece.What is turquoise?Turquoise is a mineral variety with chemical formula CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·5H₂O. It has a Mohs hardness of 5–6, density of approximately 2.6–2.9 g/cm³, and refractive index of 1.62.What gives it its color?Copper (Cu²⁺) — more copper = bluer; iron substitution = greenerWhere does it come from?Major sources include China (Hubei, 70%+ of global production), Iran (Persian turquoise), USA (Arizona, Sleeping Beauty mine), Egypt.Treatments and how to spot themStabilization (resin/polymer impregnation) is common. 'Natural' turquoise without treatment is rare and expensive. Wax treatment, dyeing, and reconstitution also exist.Important: Visual clues such as inclusions, color patterns, or surface features can provide preliminary observations, but they cannot replace refractive index, specific gravity, microscopic examination, and laboratory testing for a definitive identification. Treat visual clues as starting points, not final answers. Jewelry and care tipsWith hardness 5–6, turquoise is suitable for rings, pendants, earrings, and bracelets. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners unless the stone is known to be fracture-free. Store separately from harder gemstones.Cultural beliefs and symbolismTurquoise carries cultural meaning across many traditions — these are folkloric and cultural traditions, not scientifically verified properties. Its associations vary by culture, and its use in astrology, chakra, or feng shui contexts should be understood as cultural expression rather than factual claims.What affects its value?Price is determined by color saturation, clarity, cut quality, and size. Before buying: ask the seller to confirm the material identity, treatment status, dimensions, and return policy in writing.Use this guide as a starting pointFor a costly or disputed stone, ask for species, treatment, and origin information in writing. An independent laboratory report is stronger evidence than a marketing phrase.Return to Carbonate, Sulfide & PhosphatePrevious guideTsavoriteNext guideWatermelon TourmalineSources: GIA reference and the GemVerity editorial method. This is an educational guide, not a gemological identification report. Cultural beliefs described above are folkloric traditions, not scientific guarantees.